AP
Eurpean
History
Reformation
The protestant and catholic reformations fundamentally changed theology, religious institutions, and culture.
Sir Thomas More had incoorporated some of Erasmus writing to employ Renaissance learning in the service of religious reform.
During the reformation many reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of chirsitian doctrine and practice. Martin Luther was a very conscientious friar, but his scrupulous abservance of religious routine, frequent confessions, and fasting gave him only temporary relief from anxieties about sin and his ability to meet God's demands. He studied St. Paul's letters in the new testemant, and he gradually arrrived to a new understanding of Christian Doctrine. His own understanding summarizes "faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone." One of his beliefs was that salvation and justification came only through faith alone. It is seen as a free gift of God's grace, not the result of human effort. It is said that God's words are revealed through scripture, and not by the traditions of the church. So, he basically means that indulgences are not and will not be the right way to go to heaven. John Calvin was a protestant. He worked on making a well-diciplined Christian society. He bleieved in Pluralism in which the church and state should act together. Calvin doesn't believe in indulgences because he states that men and women connot actively work to achieve salvation; rather, God in his infinite wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who damned. Anabaptists were very (Anti-Society) also believed that people were naturally sinful and could not regulate themselves, which is a state of them believeing that indulgences were not okay. They felt that baptism is meant for adults. Anabaptists do not believe in pluralism, they like to keep the state and church away from each other. The anabaptists beliefs influenced the Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, and Baptists of today.
The Catholic Reformation used different agents such as the Jesuit Order and the Council of Trent in order for the Roman Catholic Church to make a significant come back. The Council of Trent was called not only to reform the Catholic Church, but to also secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Charles V and the Fench both worked against reconciliation, Charles wanted to avoid alienating the Lutheran nobility in the empire, and the French wanted the Catholics and Lutherans to remain divided therfore the Catholic Reformation cemented the division of Christianity from the Catholics. The Jesuit Order played a very Powerful international role in the strengthening of the Catholic Reformation, and spreading the faith around the world. A very powerful agent to take place in this was the Roman Inquisition and the Index of Prohibited Books. The Roman Inquisition was a very powerful instrument in the Catholic Reformation. This Inquisiton had the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics. The Index of Prohibited Books was published as a catalogue of forbidden reading that included works by Christian humanists such as Erasmus and many other Protestants. The Roman Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy, but outside the papal territiories its influence was slight.
Religious reform both increased state contol of religious institiutions and provide justification for challenging state authority.
The reason for England's break from Rome was the desire of Henry VIII for new wife. King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) had his own motives which included political, social, and economic elements. Henry made a few changes such as removing the English Church from papal jurisidiction, which was because Rome was thwarting his matrimonial plans. He used Parliment to end the authority of the pope, which put him as the supreme head of the church in England. Henry was conservative, and the English Church retained such traditional Catholic practice and doctrines of confession, clerical celibacy, and transubstantation. Anothr person who initiated religious reform was Elizabeth I. Elizabeths's reign inagurated the beginnings of religious stability. Elizabeth was basically in the middle of Catholic and Puritans. She was a person who did not interfere with people's privately held beliefs. She order government and church officials to swear that she was supreme in matters of religion as well as politics. The Concordat of Bologna gave the French corwn the right to appoint all bishops and abbots, ensuring rich supplement of money and offices. The spanish Inquisition revolved around a religious foundation, that operated independantly of the Catholic Church. This baically meant that the catholic church had no say in the operations that occured in the Spanish Inquisiion, not even the pope. Therefore all of this created the increase of state control.
John Calvin
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Total Depravity
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Unconditional election
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Limited atonement
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Irresistable grace
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Preservance of the saints
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They were not able to play games
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Very isolated
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Were not able to listence or dance to certain music
Anabaptists
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Radicals
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Believed that baptism should be for adults
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They viewed their relationship from church to state as a very uncombining thing.
When King Henry II died from accidentally being shot in the face, almost one tenth of the population had become Calvinist. The French monarchy was the reason why civil violence sprang. The three weak sons of Henry II couldnt provide the necessary leadership, and they were often dominated by their mother.
Conflicts among religious groups overlapped with political and economic competiton within and among states.
There were many conflicts between the monarchy and the nobility in the French Wars of Religion. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre led to a cicil war that dragged on for fifteen years. There was many things destroyed such as agriculture, comercial life had declined, and starvation was at its full forcewhich was the cause of death in many people. Henry IV once known as Henry of Navarre, had the willingness to sacrifice religious principles to plitical necessity which had saved France. He issued the Edict of Nanted which gave Huguenots libert of conscience and liberty of public worship. This prepared the way for French absolutism in the seventeenth century by helping restore internal peace in France. Catherine de' Medici had took the thrown from from the the three weak sons of King Henry II. The mediation of Catherine de' Medici led to the Edict of Union, in which the crown accepted almost all the leagues demands; reaffirming the Treaty of Nemours, recognizing the Cardinal de Bourbon as heir, and making the duke of guise lieutenant- general.
The war of the three henries brought Spain to the aid the Roman Catholics. The wars ended with henries embrace of Roman Catholicism and the religious toleration of the huguenots guaranteed by the edict of nantes.
Phillip II of Spain had hoped that his marriage to Mary Tudor would reunite England with Catholic Europe, but Mary's death ended those plans. Phillip II was a difficult character, mainly left the affairs of state to his favorite, the Duke of Lerma, who to a certain extent ruled in his name. The king’s passions were hunting and riding. Under his reign, Spain favoured a policy of peace in the Netherlands, as also with France and England. Phillip IV endeavoured in his foreign policy to defend the country’s territorial possessions. Charles IV set great store by court ceremonial. In order to secure the dynasty’s position as a major European power he issued the Pragmatic Sanction, the first legal instrument to conceive the Habsburg empire as a unified whole, thus paving the way for the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa.
Protestants and Catholics used violent actions as well as preaching and teaching against each other, for each side regarded the other as a poison in the community that would provoke the wrath of God. Protetstans and Catholics alike feared people of other faiths, whom they often saw as agents or believers of satan. The Protetstants believed that the Roman Church should be destroyed. Catholics and Portestants tried to make their cities more godly.
The Edict of Nantes granted the liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots in 150 fortified towns, therfore giving them pluralism to maintain peace within eachother.
Sources
http://bvapeuro.weebly.com/13-religious-pluaralism.html
http://www.enforex.com/culture/spanish-inquisition.html
http://www.habsburger.net/en/persons/habsburg/philip-iii
Mckay text book
